Patriarchs of Aquileia,
Grado, and Venice

The principal city of the Roman province of Venetia et Histria was Aquileia. As the Empire Christianized, the city rated a Bishop and then an Archbishop. In the troubles of the Late Empire, however, Aquileia was hit particularly hard. It was sacked by the Visigoths in 403, by the Huns in 452, and then by the Lombards in 659. Each time, local inhabitants fled to safety on islands in the nearby swampy lagoons, or to barrier and offshore islands. With the arrival of the Lombards, this became a permanent recourse for many. The name Venetia itself eventually became transfered to the city founded on Rialto Island -- Venice, Venezia.

Nevertheless, Aquileia survived. The Archbishop Paulinus even began to style himself a Patriarch, after disagreements with the findings of the Fifth Ecumenical Council in 553 and a schism with Rome. The refuge that Paulinus took on the island of Grado, just offshore from Aquileia, however, introduced another kind of division. When doctrinal or political disagreements led to rival Patriarchs, the two sides tended to establish themselves at Aquileia and Grado.

By 630 this became a permanent division, with a "Roman" Patriarch at Grado ("New Aquileia") and a "Lombard" Patriarch at (Old) Aquileia. On the map we see the subsequent development, that the Patriarchate of Grado was relocated to Venice and then transformed into the Patriarchate of Venice. By 1500, Aquileia had little surviving authority; but, as we see from the map [Historical Atlas of the World, Barnes & Noble, 1970, 1972, p.48], its jurisdiction was still considerably larger than that of Venice, which nevertheless had been given primacy.

Bishops of Olivolo
Obelerius	775-
Christopher I Damiata	797-810, 813-?
Christopher II	810-813
Orso I Parteciacus	825-
Maurice	?
Domenicus I	?
John	?-876, excommunicated
Lorenzo I	880-909
Domenico II	909-?
Domenico III	?
Peter I Tribunus	929-938
Orso II	938-945
Domenico IV Talonicus	945-955
Peter II Marturio	955-963
George	963-966
Marino Cassianico	966-992
Domenico V Gradenigo	992-1026
Domenico VI Gradenigo	1026-1044
Domenico VII Contarini	1044-1074
Bishops of Castello
Henry Contarini	1074-1108
Vitale I Michiel	1108-1120
Bonifacio Falier	1120-1133
John I Polani	1133-1164
Vitale II Michiel	1164-1182
Philip Casolo	1182-1184
Mark I Nicolai	1184-1225
Mark II Michiel	1225-1135
Peter III Pino	1235-1255
Walter Agnusdei	1255-1258
Thomas I Arimondo	1258-1260
Thomas II Franco	1260-1274
Bartolomew I Querini	1274-1292
Simeon Moro	1292-1293
Bartholomew II Querini	1293-1303
Ramberto Polo	1303-1311
Galasso Albertini	1311
Giacomo Albertini	1311-1329
Angelo I Dolfin	1329-1336
Nicholas Morosini	1336-1367
Paul Foscari	1367-1375
John II	1375-1378, deposed
Nicholas II Morosini	1379
Angelo II Correr	1379-1390
	Pope Gregory XII, 1406-1415 d.1417
John III Loredan	1390
Francis I Falier	1390-1392
Leonard Dolfin	1392-1401
Francis II Bembo	1401-1417
Mark III Lando	1417-1426
Peter IV Donato	1426-1428
Francis III Malipiero	1428-1433

For a long time Aquileia remained an important city and a regional power. The Patriarchs even became secular rulers of the County of Fruili and the March of Carniola in 1077, and of the March of Istria in 1209. However, the Popes began to favor Grado, whose Patriarch was named Metropolitan of Venetia & Istria in 1053. By then, the Patriarchs of Grado had begun to reside at Venice, where they made their permanent seat in 1105. Aquileia went into decline. Carniola and Istria passed to Austria (1335 and 1382, respectively), and all the lands of the Patriarch of Aquileia came under the control of Venice on 7 July 1420.

Meanwhile, Venice had developed its own eccelesiastical jurisdiction. In 774, Pope Adrian I and the Patriarch of Grado John IV authorized an episcopal see on the island of Olivolo (Isola d'Olivolo, subsequently San Pietro di Castello or just Castello) with jurisdiction over the islands of Gemini, Rialto, Luprio and Dorsoduro. At the same time, the Bishops of Padua, the original episcopal authorites over the area of Venice, had been taking refuge at need on the island of Metamaucus, which became an alterantive seat for the see. In 812 this was moved to Venice. In 1074, the Bishop of Olivolo began to be styled the Bishop of Castello. Finally, in 1451 the Patriarchate of Grado was combined with the Bishopric of Costello and reestablished as a new Patriarchate of Venice itself.

Although we see from the map above that the authority of the Patriarchate of Aquileia was still extensive around 1500, the ambition of Venice led in 1752 to the dissolution of the Patriarchate and the division of its authority between the Archbishop of Gorizia (Görz) and the Archbishop of Udine. Today -- as Aquileia has shrunk to a small and forgotten town on the way to Grado -- Gorizia, Udine, and Trieste are the principal cities in the area. It is thus noteworthy that the decline of Aquileia was not an effect of the Dark Ages, as I long thought, but actually of the long development of local politics in the later Middle Ages and afterwards.

Venice survives as one of the "minor Patriarchates" within the Western, Catholic Church. The Patriarchs have become particularly important in the Catholic Church, with three of them elected Popes in the 20th century. With the strange history of Venice, itself, poised between Francia and Romania, it is fitting that its Church should survive with an anomalously elevated dignity. Other "minor Patriarchates" include Lisbon and the "Patriarch of the East Indies" at Goa, in India. These may be contasted with the autonomous or "autocephalous" Patriarchates of the Eastern Churches, like Constantinople, Jerusalem, Bulgaria, etc.

These lists were originally from Wikipedia and http://www.gcatholic.com/ hierarchy/patriarchs-venice.htm, the Giga Catholic Information. At first, I found the lists of Patriarchs of Venice to be incomplete. Now they seem to have been filled in. However, the list of Patriarchs of Grado from 670 to 1451 was mostly empty for a long time. Now, Leon Pereira, O.P., has enabled me to fill it in with searches he did in German and Italian.

The decline and then eclipse of Aquileia and Grado is a significant feature of the history of Northern Italy, and it seems to be rarely told. I wonder to what extent this was the result of a deliberate effort by Venice to magnify its own history at the expense of the others. There is no doubt about the importance and then predominance, politically and culturally, of Venice. Yet before the 12th cenutury, it looks like Aquileia and Grado were still rival centers of power that at the time might not have looked all that inferior. Aquileia certainly had the most impressive mainland possessions, as well as the largest jurisdiction.

I suspect that the rapid rise in the power of Venice was the result of the Crusades, and of the wealth that began to accumulate in the City as the result of trade with Constantinople and with Outremer, and from fleecing the Crusaders -- who generally, contrary to myth, did not become wealthy by looting the East. Such looting as there was, which at times could be considerable, the proceeds seem to have ended up in the hands of the Venetians (and other Italian trading cities). Aquileia and Grado had no such sources of wealth. In short order, the Patriarch of Grado resided in Venice (1105), and eventually his identity and station would be absorbed by the local Bishops of Castello. In all this, we have another important lesson in political ecomony. Aquileia's landed possessions availed it not. Venice, like Athens in her day, and then the Netherlands, Britain, and America later, exploded into a dominant commercial power by conjuring wealth out of the power of trade and industrial production. The restricted area, indeed, of Venice meant that it could not keep up when greater powers, initially meaning Valois France, began to compete in the same economic register.

Aquileia		Patriarchate of Grado and Bishopric of Castello become Patriarchate of Venice
Marco I Barco	1465-1491	St. Lawrence Justinian, Lorenzo Giustiniani	Bishop of Castello, 1433-1451
			Patriarch of Venice, 1451-1455
		Maffio Contarini	1456-1460
		Andrea Bondimerio	1460-1464
		Gregorio Correr	1464
		Giovanni Barozzi	1465-1466
Ermolaio I Barbaro	1491-1493	Maffeo Gherardi or Girardi	1466-1492
Niccolo II Donati	1493-1497	Tomaso Dona	1492-1504
Domenico Grimani	1498-1517	Antonio Soriano	1504-1508
		Alvise Contarini	1508
		Antonio Contarini	1508-1524
Marino Grimani	1517-1529, 1533-1545	Geronimo Quirni	1524-1554
Marco II Grimani	1529-1533
Giovanni VI Grimani	1545-1550, 1585-1593	PierFrancesco Contarini	1554-1555
Daniel I Barbaro	1550-1574	Vincenzo Diedo	1556-1559
Aloisio Giustiniani	1574-1585	Giovanni Trevisano	1560-1590
Francesco Barbaro	1593-1616	Lorenzo Priuli	1591-1600
		Matteo Zane	1600-1605
		Francesco Vendramin	1608-1616
Ermolaio II Barbaro	1616-1622	Giovanni Tiepolo	1619-1631
Antonio IV Grimani	1622-1628
Agostino Gradenigo	1628-1629	Federico Baldissera Bartolomeo Cardinal Cornaro	1631-1644
Marco III Gradenigo	1629-1656	GianFrancesco Morosini	1644-1678
Hieronimo Gradenigo	1656-1658	Alvise Sagredo	1678-1688
Giovanni VII Dolfino	1658-1699	Gianalberto Badoaro	1688-1714
Dionisio Dolfino	1699-1734	Piero Barbarigo	1706-1725
		Marco Gradenigo	1725-1734
Daniel II Dolfino	1734-1751	Francesco Antonio Correr	1734-1741
	Archbishop of Udine, 1752-1762	Aloysius Foscari	1741-1758
See divided between Archbishop of Udine & Archbishop of Gorizia, 1752		Giovanni Bragadin	1758-1775
Patriarchs of Venice
Fridericus Maria Giovanelli		1776–1800
Ludovico Flangini Giovanelli		1801–1804
Nicolaus Xaverius Gamboni		1807–1808
Francesco Milesi		1816–1819
Giovanni Ladislaus Pryker, O. Cist.		1820-1826
Giacomo Cardinal Monico		1827-1851
Angelo Ramazzotti		1858-1861
Giuseppe Cardinal Trevisanato		1862-1877
Domenico Cardinal Agostini		1877-1891
Guiseppe Melchiorre Cardinal Sarto		1896-1903
		Pope Pius X, 1903-1914
Aristide Cardinal Cavallari		1904-1914
Pietro Cardinal La Fontaine		1915-1935
Adeodato Giovanni Cardinal Piazza		1936-1948
Carlo Agostini		1949-1952
Angelo Giuseppe Cardinal Roncalli		1953-1958
		Pope John XXIII, 1958-1963
Giovanni Cardinal Urbani		1958-1969
Albino Cardinal Luciani		1970-1978
		Pope John Paul I, 1978
Marco Cardinal Cé		1979-2002
Angelo Cardinal Scola		2002-present

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Bishops & Archbishops
of Ravenna

Ravenna became the capital of the Western Roman Empire in 402, when Honorius moved his residence from Milan. The administration of Italy remained in Ravenna until 751 -- 349 years. This was under the last Western Emperors, the Magister Militum Odoacer, the Ostrogoths, and then with the Roman reconquest by Belisarius, which established the Exarchate of Ravenna, which itself lasted 211 years. The territory of the Archbishopric of Ravenna itself became Romagna, the Italian spelling and pronuncation of Romania, Ῥωμανία, i.e. the Roman Empire. The territory of the Exarchate across central Italy, from Ravenna to Rome, became the Papal States with the "Donation of Pepin," King of the Franks, in 754. Ravenna thus became a kind of living fossil of Late Antique and Early Mediaeval history, in tangible form with the tombs and churches that still distinguish the city. Since Ravenna's history and monuments are often ignored by popular histories, the casual tourist may be unaware of them and bypass the city on the way to more famous places, like nearby Venice. Although it ceased to be a focus of events in 751, the whole history of Ravenna, down to the presents, is tied together by the continuous list of Bishops and Archbishops.

Bishops of Ravenna
St. Apollinaris	d.79? AD
St. Aderito (Aderitus)	1st-2nd Century
St. Eleucadio (Eleucadius)
St. Marciano (Marcian)	d.c.127 AD
St. Calogero (Calocerus)	2nd Century
St. Proculo (Proculus)
St. Probo I (Probus I)	d.175 AD
St. Dato (Datus)	2nd-3rd Century
St. Liberio I (Liberius I)
St. Agapito (Agapitus)
St. Marcellino (Marcellinus)
St. Severo (Severus)	c.308-c.348
St. Liberio II (Liberius II)	4th Century
St. Probo II (Probus II)
Fiorenzio (Florentius)
Liberio III (Liberius III)	c.380-c.399
St. Urso (Ursus)	c.399-c.426
Construction of the the Basilica of the Resurrection (Anastasis, ); Capital of Western Empire moved from Milan, 402 AD
St. Pietro I Crisologo	c.426-c.450
Neone	c.450-c.473
Esuperantio (Exuperantius)	c.473-c.477
Odoacer deposes last Western Emperor, 476 AD
Giovanni I Angelopte	c.477-494
Odoacer killed by Theodoric, 493 AD
Pietro II	494-519
Aureliano (Aurelian)	519-521
Pietro II	494-519
Aureliano (Aurelian)	519-521
Ecclesio (Ecclesius)	522-532
Construction of San Vitale
St. Ursicino (Ursicinus)	533-536
Construction of the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe
Vittore (Victor)	538-545
Ostrogoths surrender, Belisarius occupies Ravenna, 540
Archbishops of Ravenna
Massimiano (Maximianus)	546-556
Throne of Maximianus
Agnello (Agnellus)	556-569
Pietro III the Elder	569-578
Giovanni II the Roman	578-595
Mariniano	595-606
Giovanni III	607-625
Giovanni IV	625-c.631
Bono (Bonus)	c.631-c.644
Mauro (Maurus)	c.644-c.671
Reparato (Reparatus)	c.671-c.677
Teodoro (Theodore)	c.677-c.691
Damiano	c.692-c.709
St. Felice	c.709-c.725
Giovanni V	c.726-c.744
Sergius	c.744-c.769
Ravenna falls to Lombards, 751
Leone I	c.770-c.777
Giovanni VI	c.777-c.784
Grazioso (Gratiosus)	c.785-c.789
Valerius	c.789-c.810
Martino	c.810-c.818
Petronace	c.818-c.837
Giorgio	c.837-c.846
Deusdedit	c.847-c.850
Giovanni VII	c.850-878
Romano di Calcinaria (Romanus)	878-888
Deusdedit	889-898
Giovanni VIII Kailone	898-904
Giovanni IX da Tossignano	905-914
Costantino	914-926
Peter IV	927-971
Onesto	971-983
Giovanni X di Besate	983-998
Gerberto da Aurillac (Gerbertus)	998-999
Leone II	999-1001
Federico	1002-1004
Etelberto	1004-1014
Arnoldo di Sassonia (Arnoldus)	1014-1019
Eriberto	1019-1027
Gebeardo da Eichstätt (Bebhardus)	1027-1044
Witgero	1044-1046
Unfrido (Hunfredus)	1046-1051
Giovanni Enrico	1051-1072
Guiberto da Ravenna	1072-1100
Ottone Boccatortia	1100-1110
Geremia	1110-1117
Filippo	1118
Gualtiero	1119-1144
Mose da Vercelli	1144-1154
Anselm of Havelberg (Anselmo da Havelberg)	1155-1158
Guido di Biandrate	1159-1169
Gerardo	1169-1190
Guglielmo di Cauriano	1190-1201
Alberto Oselletti	1201-1207
Egidio de Garzoni	1207-1208
Ubaldo	1208-1216
Piccinino	1216
Simeone	1217-1228
Teoderico	1228-1249
Filippo da Pistoia	1251-1270
sedê vacantê
Bonifacio Fieschi di Lavagna	1274-1294
Obizzo Sanvitale	1295-1303
St. Rinaldo Concoreggi	1303-1321
Rinaldo da Polenta	1321-1322
Aimerico di Chastellux	1322-1332
Guido de Roberti	1332-1333
Francesco Michiel	1333-1342
Nicola Canal	1342-1347
Fortanerius Vassalli	1347-1351
St. Silas Abba	1352-1361
Petrocino Casalesco	1362-1369
Pietro Pileo di Prata	1370-1387
Cosimo de' Migliorati	1387-1400
Giovanni Nicolai de' Migliorati	1400-1405
Tommaso Perendoli	1411-1445
Bartolomeo Roverella	1445-1475
Filiasio Roverella	1475-1516
Niccolò Fieschi	1516-1517
Urbano Fieschi	1517-1521
Pietro de Accolti de Aretio	1524-1524
Benedetto de Accolti	1524-1549
Ranuccio Farnese	1549-1564
Giulio della Rovere	1566-1578
Cristoforo Boncampagni	1578-1603
Pietro Aldobrandini	1604-1621
Luigi Capponi	1621-1645
Luca Torreggiani	1645-1669
Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni	1670-1674
Fabio Guinigi	1674-1691
Raimondo Ferretti	1692-1719
Girolamo Crispi	1720-1727
Maffeo Nicola Farsetti	1727-1741
sedê vacantê
Ferdinando Romualdo Guiccioli	1745-1763
Nicola Oddi	1764-1767
Antonio Cantoni	1767-1781
sedê vacantê
Antonio Codronchi	1785-1826
Clarissimo Falconieri Mellini	1826-1859
Enrico Orfei	1860-1870
Vincenzo Moretti	1871-1879
Giacomo Cattani	1879-1887
Sebastiano Galeati	1887-1901
Agostino Gaetano Riboldi	1901-1902
St. Guido Maria Conforti	1902-1904
Pasquale Morganti	1904-1921
Antonio Lega	1921-1946
Archbishops of Ravenna and Cervia
Giacomo Lercaro	1947-1952
	Archbishop of Bologna
Egidio Negrin	1952-1956
Salvatore Baldassarri	1956-1975
Archbishops of Ravenna-Cervia, 1986
Ersilio Tonini	1975-1990
Luigi Amaducci	1990-2000
Giuseppe Verucchi	2000-2012
Lorenzo Ghizzoni	2012-present

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Bishops & Archbishops of Goa, Patriarchs of the East Indies; Patriarchs of the West Indies; & Patriarchs of Lisbon

Aquileia, Grado, and Venice are among the "Minor Patriarchates" subject to the Latin Church of Rome. To the long and complex history of those places, we can add two more suriving Minor Patriachates, of Lisbon and of "the East Indies." Both of these appear to be a function of the colonial Empire of Portugal. Goa was the seat of the Portuguese domain in India, which is why one finds people from India who are Catholics with Portuguese names. It was Lisbon, however, that was first upgraded to a Patriarchate, in 1716. This certainly was in recognition of the extent of the Portuguese colonial Empire, which stretched from Brazil, to Africa, to India, and Macao. Originally a similar provision was made for the Spanish colonial Empire, with a title created for the "Patriarch of the West Indies." However, this title was purely honorary, its holders had no jurisdiction to go with the title, and they remained in Spain. There were periods when the title lapsed, and no particular reason to revive it. In finally lapsed altogether in 1963.

While a Bishop was installed in Goa in 1533 and an Archbishop in 1560, it took a while for Goa to seem sufficiently important to warrant Patriarchal status. This did not come until 1886, quite late in the colonial Era, and long after Portugal was a significant power in India. As the Patriarch of "the East Indies," the idea was apparently that the reach of Goa would extend all the way to Indonesia, where Timor was a Portuguese possession, Vietnam, with a significant Catholic population under the French, and China. Although seized by India in 1961, Goa remains the center of Indian Catholicism.

Bishops of Goa
Francisco de Melo	1533
João Afonso de Albuquerque	1538-1553
Vacant, 1553-1560
Archbishops of Goa
Gaspar de Leão Pereira	1560-1567, 1574-1576
Jorge Temudo	1568-1571
Henrique de Távora e Brito	1578-1581
João Vicente da Fonseca	1582-1587
Mateus de Medina	1588-1592
Aleixo de Menezes	1595-1609
Cristóvão de Sá e Lisboa	1613-1622
Sebastião de S. Pedro	1625-1629
Manuel Teles de Brito	1633
Francisco dos Mártires	1636-1652
Vacant, 1652-1672
Cristóvão da Silveira	1671-1673
António Brandão	1675-1678
Manuel de Sousa e Menezes	1681-1684
Alberto da Silva	1685-1688
Agostinho da Anunciação	1691-1713
Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha	1716-1720
Inácio de Santa Teresa	1721-1740
Eugénio de Trigueiros	1740-1741
Lourenço de Santa Maria e Melo	1741-1750
António Taveira da Neiva Brum e Silveira, OSJ	1750-1773
Francisco da Assunção e Brito	1774-1783
Manuel de Santa Catarina	1784-1812
Manuel de S. Galdino Rif.	1812-1831
José Maria da Silva Torres	1844-1849
João Crisóstomo de Amorim Pessoa	1862-1874
Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos	1875-1879
António Sebastião Valente	1882-1886
Patriarchs of the East Indies
António Sebastião Valente	1886-1908
Mateus de Oliveira Xavier	1909-1929
Teotónio Emanuel Ribeiro Vieira de Castro	1929-1940
José da Costa Nunes	1940-1953
José Vieira Alvernaz	1953-1975
Raul Nicolau Gonçalves	1978-2004
Filipe Neri Ferrão	2004-Present

Patriarchs of the West Indies
Antonio de Rojas	Archbishop of Granada
	1524-1530
Esteban Gabriel Merino	1530-1535
Fernando Niño de Guevara	1546-1552
Pedro Moya de Contreras	Archbishop of Mexico City
	1592
Juan Guzmán	1602-1605
Juan Bautista Acevedo Muñoz	1606-1608
Pedro Manso	1608-1609
Diego Guzmán de Haros	1616-1631
Andrés Pacheco	1625-1626
Antonio Manrique de Guzmán	1670
Pedro Portocarrero y Guzmán	1691-1708
Carlos Borja Centellas y Ponce de León	1708-1733
Álvaro Eugenio de Mendoza Caamaño y Sotomayor	1734-1761
Tomás Iglesias Bárcones	1850-1874
José Moreno y Mazón	1881-1885
Ciriaco María Sancha Hervás	1898-1909
Jaime Cardona Tur	1920-1923
Julián de Diego García Alcolea	1923-1925
Francisco Muñoz Izquierdo	1925-1930
Ramón Pérez y Rodríguez	1930-1933
Leopoldo Eijo y Garay	1946-1963

Patriarchs of Libson
Tomás de Almeida	1716-1754
José I, Manoel da Câmara	1754-1758
Francisco I de Saldanha da Gama	1758-1776
Fernando de Sousa da Silva	1779-1786
José II, Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça	1786-1818
Carlos da Cunha e Menezes	1819-1825
Patrício da Silva	1826-1840
Francisco II de São Luís (Francisco Justiniano) Saraiva	1840-1845
Guilherme Henriques de Carvalho	1845-1857
Manuel I, Bento Rodrigues da Silva	1858-1869
Inácio do Nascimento de Morais Cardoso	1871-1883
José III Sebastião de Almeida Neto	1883-1907
António I Mendes Belo	1907-1929
Manuel II Gonçalves Cerejeira	1929-1971
António II Ribeiro	1971-1998
José IV da Cruz Policarpo	1998-Present

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