Princely States & Protectorates of British India

Jammu and Kashmir
Dogra Dynasty, in Jammu
Kapur Dev	1530-1570
Samil Dev	1570-1594
Sangram	1594-1624
Bhup Dev	1624-1650
Hari Dev	1650-1686
Gujai Dev (Gujja Singh)	1686-1703
Dhruv Dev	1703-1725
Ranjit Dev	1725-1782
Brijraj Dev	1782-1787
Sampuran Singh	1787-1797
Jit Singh	1797-1816
To Sikh Punjab, 1816-1820
Kishore Singh	1820-1822
Golab Singh	Jammu, 1822-1856
	Kashmir, 1846-1856
British Control, 1857-1948
Ranbir Singh	1857-1885
Pratap Singh	1885-1889, d.1925
British rule, 1889-1898
Pratap Singh	restored, 1898-1925
Hari Singh	1925-1948, d. 1961
Ceded to India, invaded by Pakistan, de facto Partition, 1948-present

Travancore
Marthanda Varma	1729-1758
defeats Dutch, 1741
Kartika Tirunal Rama Varma	1758-1798
British Control, 1795-1948
Balarama Varma	1798-1810
Gouri Laksmi Bai	1810-1815
Gouri Parvati Bai	1815-1829
Swati Tirunal	1829-1847
Utram Tirunal Marthanda Varma	1847-1860
Ayilam Tirunal	1860-1880
Rama Varma Tirunal Rama Varma	1880-1885
Sri Mulam Tirunal Rama Varma	1885-1924
Setu Laksmi Bai	1924-1931
Sri Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma	1931-1949
Ceded to India, 1949

Khanate of Kalat
Mir Hassan	1638-1666
Mir Ahmad	1666-1695
Mir Mehrab I	1695
Mir Samandar	1695-1714
Mir 'Abdullah	1714-1734
Mir Mohabar	1734-1749
Mir Nasir I	1749-1817
Mir Mahmud I	1817-1831
Mir Mehrab II	1831-1840
Mir Nasir II	1840-1857
Mir Khudadad	1857-1893
British Control, 1875-1947
Mir Mahmud II	1893-1931
Mir 'Azam	1931-1933
Mir Ahmad Yar	1933-1948
Ceded to Pakistan, 1947

Makran, Gichki
Mehrullah Khan	1898-1917
Interregnum
Azam Jan	1922-1948
Ceded to Pakistan, 1948
Bhai Khan	1948-1955

Kolhapur, Bhonsle
Sivaji I	1700-1712
Shambhuji	1712-1760
Sivaji II	1760-1812
Shambhu	1812-1821
Shahaji I	1821-1837
Sivaji III	1837-1866
Rajaram I	1866-1870
Sivaji IV	1870-1883
Shahu	1883-1922
Rajaram II	1922-1940
To Great Britain	1940-1942
Sivaji V	1942-1947
Shahaji II	1947-1949
Ceded to India, 1947

Phatlan, Naik Nimbralkar
Nimbraj I	1284-1291
Padakhala Jagdevrao Dharpatrao	1291-1327
Nimbraj II	1327-1349
Vanang Bhupal	1349-1374
unknown
Vanangpal	1390-1394
Vangoji I	1394-1409
Maloji I	1409-1420
Baji I	1420-1445
Powarrao	1445-1470
Baji II	1470-1512
Mudhoji II	1512-1527
Baji Dharrao	1527-1560
Maloji II	1560-1570
Vangoji II Jagpalrao	1570-1630
Mudhoji II	1630-1644
Bajaji I	1644-1676
Vangoji III	1676-1693
Janoji	1693-1748
Mudhoji III	1748-1765
unknown
Sayaji	1767-1774
Maloji III	1774-1777
Janoji II	1777-1825
unknown
Bajaji II	1827-1828
unknown
British Control, 1830's-1916
Mudhoji IV	1860-1916
British rule, 1916-1948; Ceded to India, 1948

Gwalior, Sindhia
Moghul Rule, 1526-1751
Ranoji	at Ujjain, 1726-1745
Jayappa	1745-1755
Jankoji I	1755-1761
Madhava Rao I	1761-1780, d.1794
To Great Britain	1780
Madhava Rao I	1780-1794
Daulat Rao	1794-1827
Jankoji Rao II	1827-1843
To Great Britain	1843
Jayaji Rao	1843-1858, d.1886
To Great Britain	1858-1948
Madhava Rao II	1886-1925
Jivaji Rao	1925-1948
Ceded to India, 1948

Cochin/Kochi
to Portugal, 1502-1669
Unni Rama Koil I	c.1500-1503
Unni Rama Koil II	1503-1537
Vira Kerala Varma I	1537-1565
Kesara Rama Varma II	1565-1601
Vira Kerala Varma II	1601-1615
Ravi Varma I	1615-1624
Vira Kerala Varma III	1624-1637
Goda Varma I	1637-1645
Vira Rayira Varma	1645-1646
Vira Kerala Varma IV	1646-1650
Rama Varma I	1650-1656
Gangadhara Lakshmi	1656-1658
Rama Varma II	1658-1662
Goda Varma II	1662-1663
Vira Kerala Varma V	1663-1687
Dutch Control, 1669-1795
Rama Varma III	1687-1693
Ravi Varma II	1693-1697
Rama Varma IV	1697-1701
Rama Varma V	1701-1721
Ravi Varma III	1721-1731
Rama Varma VI	1731-1746
Kerala Varma I	1746-1749
Rama Varma VII	1749-1760
Kerala Varma II	1760-1775
Rama Varma VIII	1775-1790
British Control, 1795-1948
Rama Varma Saktan Tampuran	1790-1805
Rama Varma IX	1805-1809
Kerala Varma III	1809-1828
Rama Varma X	1828-1837
Rama Varma XI	1837-1844
Rama Varma XII	1844-1851
Kerala Varma IV	1851-1853
Ravi Varma IV	1853-1864
Rama Varma XIII	1864-1888
Kerala Varma V	1888-1895
Rama Varma XIV	1895-1914
Rama Varma XV	1914-1932
Rama Varma XVI	1932-1941
Kerala Varma VI	1941-1943
Ravi Varma V	1943-1946
Kerala Varma VII	1946-1948
Rama Varma XVII	1948-1949
Ceded to India, 1948

Khanate of Amb
Ghaznavids, 999-1148, Ghurids, 1148-1213; Khwarazm Shahs, 1213-1220; Mongols, 1221-1332; Timurids, 1379-c.1472; Pakhli, c.1472-1703; local Karlugh Turk Walis, 1703-c.1790; Afghanistan, c.1790-c.1800
Hindwal
Nawwab Khan	?-1818
Payenda Khan	1818-1840
Jahandad Khan	1840-?
Muhammad Akram Khan	1868-1907
Zaman Khan	1907-1936
Muhammad Farid Khan	1936-1969
Ceded to Pakistan, 1948

Dir
Ghulam Khan Baba
Zafar Khan
Qasim Khan
Ghazzan Khan
Rahmat Allah Khan	?-1884
Muhammad Sharif Khan	1884-1890, 1896-1904
Muhammad Omara Khan	1890-1896
Aurangzeb Badshah Khan	1904-1925
Muhammad Shah Jahan Khan	1925-1960
Ceded to Pakistan, 1948
Muhammad Shah Khusrau Khan	1960-1969

Swat, Sitana
Sayyed Zaman Shah
Pir Baba Sayyed 'Ali	1820-1846
Vacant
Sayyed Akbar Shah Amir-e Shariyat	Badshah, 1849-1857
Sayyed Mubarak Shah	1857-1858
Akhund
Abdul Ghafur	Sheikh ul-Islam, 1845-1877
Miyangul Abdul Hanan	1877-c.1887
Miyangul Abdul Khaliq	1877-1892
Miyangul Said Badshah	1892-1903
Miyangul Mir Badshah	1892-1907
Miyangul Gulshahzada 'Abd al-Wadud	1892-1917
Miyangul Shirin	1892-1917
Sitana
Sayyed 'Abd al-Jabbar Khan	Badshah, 1915-1917
Akhund
Miyangul Gulshahzada 'Abd al-Wadud	Wali, 1917-1949, d.1971
Recognized as local leaders by British, 1926
Miyangul Shirin	1917-1918
Ceded to Pakistan, 1948
Miyangul 'Abd al-Haqq Jahanzeb	1949-1969, d.1987
Pakistani Rule, 1969

Hunza
Mir Salim Khan I	16th century
Mir Shah Sultan Khan
Mir Shabaz Khan	1710-?
Mir Shahbag Khan
Mir Shah Kisro Khan
Mir Mirza Khan
Mir Salim Khan II	1790's-1825
Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan I	1825-1864
Mir Muhammed Ghazan Khan I	1864-1886
Mir Safdar Ali Khan	1886-1892, d.1930
Mir Sir Muhammed Nazim Khan	1892-1938
Mir Muhammed Ghazan Khan II	1938-1946
Mir Muhammed Jamal Khan	1946-1974, d.1976
Ceded to Pakistan, 1948; direct rule, 1973
Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan II	1976-present

Khairpur
Mubarak 'Ali Khan	at Khairpur, 1829-1839
Sahib	at Hyderabad, Chief, 1832-1833
Nur Muhammad Khan	at Hyderabad, Chief, 1833-1841
Muhammed Nasr Khan	at Hyderabad, Chief, 1841-1843, 1833-1843
Sobdar	at Hyderabad, 1833-1843
Mohammad	at Hyderabad, 1833-1843
Nasr Khan	at Khairpur, 1839-?
Shahdad	at Hyderabad, 1841-1843
Husain 'Ali	at Hyderabad, 1841-1843
British rule, 1843-1948
Talpur
Ali Murad Khan	1842-1894
Faiz Mohammad Khan I	1894-1909
Imam Bakhsh Khan	1909-1921
Ali Nawaz Khan	1921-1935
Faiz Mohammad Khan II	1935-1947
Ceded to Pakistan, 1948-1955
George Ali Murad Khan	1947-1955
Direct Pakistani rule, 1955

Bahawalpur, Daudputra
Moghul Rule, 1526-1802
Sadiq Mohammed I	1739-1746
Mohammed Bahawal I	1746-1749
Mubarrak	1749-1772
Mohammed Bahawal II	1772-1809
Sadiq Mohammed II	1809-1825
Mohammed Bahawal III	1825-1852
Sadiq Mohammed III	1852-1853
Fateh Mohammed	1853-1858
Mohammed Bahawal IV	1858-1866
Sadiq Mohammed IV	1866-1899
Mohammed Bahawal V	1899-1906/1907
Sadiq Mohammed V	1906/1907-1955, d.1966
Ceded to Pakistan, 1948; direct rule, 1955

Patiala
Ala Singh	1762-1765
Amar Singh	1765-1781
Sahib Singh	1781-1813
Karam Singh	1813-1845
Narindar Singh	1845-1862
Mohindar Singh	1862-1876
Rajindar Singh	1876-1900
Bhupindar Singh	1900-1938
Yadavindar Singh	1938-1948
Ceded to India, 1948

Bikaner, Rathor
Bika Rao	1465-1504
Naro	1504-1505
Lunkaran	1505-1526
Jetsi	1526-1542
Kalyan Singh	1542-1571
Raya Singh Raja	1571-1612
Dalpat Singh	1612-1613
Sur Singh	1613-1631
Karan Singh	1631-1669
Anup Singh Maharaja	1669-1698
Sarup Singh	1698-1700
Sujan Singh	1700-1736
Zorawar Singh	1736-1745
Gaja Singh	1745-1787
Raja Singh	1787
Pratap Singh	1787
Surat Singh	1787-1828
Ratan Singh	1828-1851
Sardar Singh	1851-1872
Dungar Singh	1872-1887
Ganga Singh	1887-1943
Sadul Singh	1943-1949
Ceded to India, 1948

Bundi, Hara Chauhan
Deva	1342-?
Napuji
Hamuji	1384-1400
Vir Singh	1400-1415
Biru	1415-1470
Bandu	1470-1491
Narayan Das	1491-1527
Suraj Mal	1527-1531
Surtan Singh	1531-1544
Surjan Singh	1544-1585
Bhoj Singh	1585-1608
Ratan Singh	1608-1632
Chatra Singh	1632-1658
Bhao Singh	1658-1682
Anirudh Singh	1682-1696
Budh Singh	1696-1735
Dalel Singh	1735-1749
Umaid Singh	1749-1770
Ajit Singh	1770-1773
Bishen Singh	1773-1821
Ram Singh	1821-1889
Raghubir Singh	1889-1927
Ishwari Singhji Bahadur	1927-1945
Bahadur Singh	1945-1949, d.1977
Ceded to India, 1947

Jaipur, Kachwaha
Sodhdeva	966-1006, or c.1096-c.1128
Dulha Rao	1006-1036, or c.1128-c.1136
Kankal	1036-1038, or c.1136-c.1138
Maidal	1038-1039, or c.1138-c.1139
Hunadeva	1039-1053, or c.1139-c.1153
Kantal I (Janaddeva)	1053-1070, or c.1153-c.1185
Pujanadeva	1070-1084, or c.1185-c.1191
Malesi	1084-1146, or c.1191-?
Byala	1146-1179, or c.1200-c.1250
Rajadeva	1179-1216, or c.1250
Kilhan	1216-1276
Kantal II	1276-1317
Jansi	1317-1366
Udayakarna
Nara Singh
Banbir	1413-1424, or 1428-1439
Udha Rao	1424-1453 or 1439-1467
Chandrasena	1453-1502, or 1467-1502
Prithvi Singh I	1502-1527
Puranmal	1527-1534
Bhima	1534-1537
Ratan	1537-1547
Baharmalla	1547-1574
Bhagwan Das	1574-1589
Man Singh I	1589-1614
Jagat Singh I	1614
Bhao Singh	1614-1622
Jaya Singh I	1622-1667
Rama Singh I	1667-1688
Bishan Singh	1688-1700
Sawai Jaya Singh II	1700-1743
Ishwari Singh	1743-1750
Madhu Singh I	1750-1768
Prithvi Singh II	1768-1778
Pratap Singh	1778-1803
Jagat Singh II	1803-1818
Man Singh II (Mohan Singh)	1818-1819
Jaya Singh III	1819-1835
Rama Singh II	1835-1881
Sawai Madhu Singh II	1881-1922
Sawai Man Singh II	1922-1949
Ceded to India, 1948

Jaisalmer, Bhati
Jaisal	1156-c.1180
Salivahan
Baijal
Kelan
Chachigdeva I	c.1219-c.1250
Karan Singh I	c.1250-c.1278
Lakhasena	c.1278-c.1281
Punyapala	c.1281
Jait Singh I	c.1281-c.1300
Mulraja I	c.1300
To Delhi	c.1300-1399
Duda
Ghar Singh	c.1331-1361
Kehar	1361-?
Lakhmana
to Timurids, 1399-1413; to Delhi, 1413-1526
Bairi Singh I	1436-c.1448
Chachigdeva II	c.1448-1467
Devidas	1467-1496
Jait Singh II	1496-1528
to the Moghuls, 1526-1818
Karan Singh II	1528
Lunkaran	1528-1550
Malladeva	1550-1561
Har Raja	1561-1577
Bhima	1577-1613
Kalyandas	1613-1650
Manohardas	1650
Sabal Singh	1650-1661
Amar Singh	1661-1702
Jaswant Singh	1702-1707
Budh Singh	1707-1721
Tej Singh	1721-1722
Sawai Singh	1722
Akhai Singh	1722-1762
Mulraja II	1762-1819
To Great Britain	1818-1948
Gaja Singh	1819-1846
Ranjit Singh	1846-1864
Bairi Singh II	1864-1891
Salivahan II	1891-1914
Jawahir Singh	1914-1949
Girdhar Singh	1949
Ceded to India, 1949

Jhalawar, Jhala
Madan Singh	1838-1843
Prithvi Singh	1845-1875
Zalim Singh	1876-1896, d.1912
To Great Britain directly	1896-1899
To Great Britain	1775-1948
Bhawani Singh Bahadur	1899-1929
Rajendra Singhji	1929-1943
Harichandra Singhji	1943-1949, d.1967
Ceded to India, 1947

Jodhpur, Rathor
Chunda Rao	1382-?
Kanha
Sata
Ranamalla
Jodha	1438-1488
Satal	1488-1491
Suja	1491-1515
Ganga	1515-1532
Malladeva	1532-1584
Udaya Singh Raja	1584-1595
Sura Singh	1595-1620
Gaja Singh	1620-1638
Jaswant Singh I	1638-1680
Ajit Singh	1680-1725
Abhaya Singh Maharaja	1725-1750
Rama Singh	1750-1751, 1752-1773
Bakht Singh	1751-1752
Vijaya Singh	1752, 1773-1792
Bhim Singh	1792-1803
Man Singh	1803-1843
Takht Singh	1843-1873
Jaswant Singh II	1873-1895
Sardar Singh	1895-1911
Sumer Singh	1911-1918
Umaid Singh	1918-1947
Hanwant Singh	1947-1949
Ceded to India, 1948

Kotah, Hara Chauhan
Madho Singh	1635-1656
son of Ratan Singh, Rajah of Bundi
Mokund Singh	1656-1658
Jagat Singh	1658-1669
Kishor Singh I	1669-1685
Ram Singh I	1685-1707
Bhim Singh I	1707-1720
Arjun Singh	1720-1724
Durjan Sal	1724-1756
Ajit Singh	1756-1759
Chhatar Sal I	1759-1766
Guman Singh	1766-1771
Umaid Singh	1771-1819
Kishor Singh II	1819-1828
Ram Singh II	1828-1866
Chhatar Sal II	1866-1889
Umaid Singh II Bahadur	1889-1940
Bhim Singh II	1940-1949, d.1991
Ceded to India, 1947

Tonk, Haiyati
Amir 'Ali Khan	1818-1834
Pathan leader settled after Third Anglo-Maratha War, 1817-1818
Wazir ud-Dawla Muhammad Khan	1834-1864
Muhammad 'Ali Khan	1864-1867, d.1895
Muhammad Ibrahim 'Ali Khan	1867-1930
Muhammad Sa'adat 'Ali Khan	1930-1947
Ceded to India, 1947
Muhammad Faruq 'Ali Khan	1947-1948
Muhammad Isma'il 'Ali Khan	1948-1949, d.1974

Udaipur, Mewar Udaipur, Guhila
Guhil	c.569-c.603
Bhoj	c.603-c.615
Mahendra I	c.615-c.625
Nagaditya	.c.625-c.646
Shiladitya	c.646-c.661
Aparajit	c.661-c.688
Mahendra II	c.688-c.716
Kalbhoj (Bappa Rawal)	c.734-c.753
Khommana I	c.753-c.773
Mattata	c.773-c.793
Bhartripatta I	c.793-c.813
Simha	c.813-c.828
Khommana II	c.828-c.853
Mahayaka	c.853-c.878
Khommana III	c.878-c.942
Bhartripatta II	c.942-c.943
Vacant
Allata	c.951-c.953
Vacant
Naravahana	c.971-c.973
Salivahana	c.973-c.977
Saktikumara	c.977-c.993
Ambaprasada	c.993-c.1007
Suchivarman	c.1007-c.1021
Naravarman	c.1021-c.1035
Anantavarman	c.1035
Kirtivarman	c.1035-c.1051
Yogaraja	c.1051-c.1068
Vairata	c.1068-c.1088
Hamsapala	c.1088-c.1103
Vairi Singh	c.1103-c.1107
Vijaya Singh	c.1108-c.1127
Ari Singh I	c.1127-c.1138
Choda Singh	c.1138-c.1148
Vikrama Singh (Vikramaditya I)	c.1148-c.1158
Rana Singh (Karan Singh I)	c.1158-c.1168
Kshema Singh	c.1168-c.1172
Samanta Singh	c.1172-c.1179
Kumara Singh	c.1179-c.1191
Mathana Singh	c.1191-c.1211
Padma Singh	c.1211-c.1213
Jaitra Singh	c.1213-c.1253
Vacant
Teja Singh	c.1261-c.1267
Vacant
Samara Singh	c.1273-c.1302
Ratna Singh I	c.1302-c.1303
Lakhana Singh	c.1303-c.1314
To Delhi, c.1314-c.1326
Sisodia
Hammir I	c.1326-c.1364
Kshetra Singh	c.1364-c.1382
Laksha Singh	c.1382-c.1420
Mokala	c.1420-1433
Kumbhakarna	1433-1468
Udaya Karan	1468-1473
Rayamalla	1473-1509
Sangrama Singh I	1509-1528
Ratna Singh II	1528-1532
Vikramaditya I	1532-1535
Ranbir	1535-1537
Udaya Singh	1537-1572
Pratap Singh I	1572-1597
Amar Singh I	1597-1620
Karan Singh II	1620-1628
Jagat Singh I	1628-1652
Raja Singh I	1652-1680
Jaya Singh	1680-1699
Amar Singh II	1699-1711
Sangrama Singh II	1711-1734
Jagat Singh II	1734-1752
Pratap Singh II	1752-1754
Raja Singh II	1754-1761
Ari Singh II	1761-1773
Hammir II	1773-1778
Bhim Singh	1778-1828
Jawan Singh	1828-1838
Sardar Singh	1838-1842
Sarup Singh	1842-1861
Sambhu	1861-1874
Sujjan Singh	1874-1884
Fateh Singh	1884-1930
Bhopal Singh	1930-1949
Ceded to India, 1948

Baroda, Gaekwar
to Moghuls, 1573-1734
Pilaji Rao	1721-1732
Damaji Rao	1732-1768
Govind Rao	1768-1771, 1793-1800
Sayaji Rao I	1771-1789
Manaji Rao	1789-1793
Anand Rao	1800-1818
Sayaji Rao II	1818-1847
Ganpat Rao	1847-1856
Khande Rao	1856-1870
Malhar Rao	1870-1875
Sayaji Rao III	1875-1939
Pratap Singh	1939-1948
Ceded to India, 1948

Gondal, Jadeja
Kumbhoji I	1634-1679
Sagramji I	1679-1714
Haloji	1714-1753
Kumbhoji II	1753-1790
Muluji	1790-1792
Dajibhai	1792-1800
Devaji	1800-1812
Nathuji	1812-1814
Kanuji	1814-1821
Chandrasinhji	1821-1841
Bhanabhai	1841-1851
Sagramji II	1851-1869
Bhagwatsinhji	1869-1944
Bhojrajjisinhji	1944-1948, d.1952
Ceded to India, 1948

Junagadh, Babi
Muhammad Bahadur Khan I	1748-1758
Muhammad Mahabat Khanji I	1758-1760, 1762-1774
Muzaffar Khanji Ja'afar	1760-1762
Muhammad Hamid Khanji I	1774-1811
Muhammad Bahadur Khan II	1811-1840
British control, 1816
Muhammad Hamid Khanji II	1840-1851
Muhammad Mahabat Khanji II	1851-1882
Muhammad Bahadur Khanji III	1882-1892
Muhammad Rasul Khanji	1892-1911
Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III	1911-1947, d.1959
Ceded to India, 1947

Manavadar, Babi
Diler Khanji Salabat	1733-1760
Sardar Nathu Khanji	1760-?
Ghazanfar Khanji Nathu
British control, 1818
Kamal ud-din Khanji
Zorawar Khanji Kamal	?-1882
Ghazanfar Khanji Zorawar	1882-1888
Fateh ud-din Khanji Ghazanfar	1888-1918
Ghulam Moin ud-din Khanji Fateh	1918-1947, d.2003
Fatima Siddiqa Begum Sahiba	Regent, 1918-1931
Ceded to India, 1947

Kutch, Chavada Rajput
Jado	Jam
Lakho Jadani	1147-1175
Ratto Rayadhan	1175-1215
Othoji	1215-1255
Gaoji	1255-1285
Vahenji	1285-1321
Samma Rajput
Murvoji	1321-1347
Kaiyaji	1347-1386
Amarji	1386-1429
Bheemji	1429-1472
Hamirji	1472-1510
Khengarji I	Rao, 1510-1586
Bharmalji I	1586-1632
Bhojrajji	1632-1645
Khengarji II	1645-1654
Tamachiji	1655-1666
Rayadhanji I	1666-1698
Pragmalji I	Maharao, 1698-1715
Gohodaji I	1715-1719
Deshalji I	1719-1741
Lakhpatji	1741-1761
Gohodaji II	1761-1779
Rayadhanji II	1779-1813
To Sind, 1813-1814
Bharmalji II	1814-1819
British control, 1815-1948
Deshalji II	1819-1861
Pragmalji II	1861-1876
Khengarji III	1876-1942
Vijayaraja	1942-1948
Madan Singh	1948
Ceded to India, 1948

Nawanagar, Jadeja
Ravaji	1535/40-1562
Vibhaji I	1562-1569
Sataji	1569-1608
Lakhaji I	1608-1645
Ranmalji I	1645-1661
Raisinhji I	1661-1664
Vacant
Tamachi I	1673-1690
Raisinhji II	1690-1710
Lakhaji II	1710-1718
Hardholji	1718-1727
Tamachi II	1727-1743
Lakhaji III	1743-1768
Jasaji	1768-1814
Sataji	1814-1820
Ranmalji II	1820-1852
Vibhaji II	1852-1895
Jashwantsinhji	1895-1906
Ranjitsinhji	1906-1933
Digvijaysinhji	1933-1948
Ceded to India, 1948

Radhanpur, Babi
Jawan Mard Khan I Bahadur	1715-1729
Jawan Mard Khan II Bahadur	1753-1765
Muhammad Najm ud-din Khan	1765-1787
Muhammad Ghazi ud-din Khan	1787-1813
Muhammad Sher Khan I Ghazi	1813-1825
Muhammad Jorawar Sher Khan	1825-1874
British control, 1825
Muhammad Bismillah Khan	1874-1895
Haji Muhammad Sher Khan II	1895-1910
Muhammad Jalal ud-din Khan	1910-1936
Murtaza Khan Jorawar	1936-1947, d.1990's
Ceded to India, 1947

Indore, Holkar
Malhar Rao I	1728-1764
Malle Rao	1764-1766
Ahalya Bai	1765-1795
Tukoji	1795-1798
Jaswant Rao I	1798-1811
Malhar Rao II	1811-1834
Hari Rao	1834-1843
Tukoji Rao II	1843-1886
Sivaji Rao	1886-1903
Tukoji Rao III	1903-1926
Jaswant Rao II	1926-1948
Ceded to India, 1948

Orchha, Bundela
Pancham Singh	1048-1071
Virbhadra Singh	1071-1087
Karanpal Singh	1087-1112
Kinnar Shah	1112-1130
Shaukan Dev	1130-1152
Nanak Dev I	1152-1159
Mohanpal Singh	1159-1197
Abhaybhupati Singh	1197-1215
Arjunpal Singh	1215-1231
Virpal Singh	1231-1251
Sohanpal Singh	1251-1259
Sahjendra Singh	1259-1283
Nanak Dev II	1283-1307
Prithviraj Singh	1307-1339
Ram Singh	1339-1375
Ramchandra Singh	1375-1384
Mednepal Singh	1384-1437
Arjun Dev	1437-1468
Malkhan Singh	1468-1501
Rudra Pratap	1501-1531
Bharti Chand	1531-1554
Madhukar Shah	1554-1592
Ram Shah	1592-1604
Vir Singh Deo	1604-1627
Jhujhar Singh	1627-1635
Devi Singh	1635-1641
Pahar Singh of Kaniyadana	1641-1653
Sujan Singh I	1653-1672
Indramani Singh	1672-1675
Jashwant Singh	1675-1684
Bhagwat Singh	1684-1689
Udwat Singh	1689-1735
Prithvi Singh	1735-1752
Sanwant Singh	1752-1765
Hati Singh	1765-1768
Man Singh	1768-1775
Bharti Singh	1775-1776
Vikramajit	1776-1817, 1834
Dharam Pal	1817-1834
Tej Singh	1834-1842
Sujan Singh II	1842-1848, d.1854
Hamir Singh	1848-1865, Maharaja, 1865-1874
Pratap Singh	1874-1930
Vir Singh	1930-1950, d.1956
Ceded to India, 1947

Datia, Bundela
To Orchha
Bhagwan Rao	1626-1656
Subha Karan	1656-1683
Dalpat Singh	1683-1706
Ramachandra Singh	1706-1733
Indrajit Singh	1733-1762
Shatrujit Singh	1762-1801
Parichhat Singh	Raja, 1801-1839
Bijai Singh Bahadur	1839-1857
Bhawani Singh Bahadur	1857-1865, Maharaja, 1865-1901
Govind Singh	1901-1950, d.1951
Ceded to India, 1947

Rewah
Shaktivan	1499-?
Vir Singh
Ramchandra	1555-1592
Birbhadra	1592-1597
To the Moghuls, 1597-1618
Baghela
Vikramaditya	Raja, 1618-1630
Amar Singh	1630-1643
Anup Singh	1643-1660
Bhav Singh	1660-1690
Anirudh Singh	1690-1700
Avdhut Singh	1700-1755
Ajit Singh	1755-1809
Jai Singh Deo	1809-1835
British control, 1812-1947
Vishwanath Singh	1835-1843
Raghuraj Singh	Maharajah, 1843-1880
Venkat Raman Ramanuj Prasad Singh	1880-1918
Gholab Singh	1918-1946, d.1950
Martand Singh	1946-1950, d.1995
Ceded to India, 1947

The information here is entirely from Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies. See also Hyderabad, Sikkim, & Mysore, which are Princely States that are historically significant enough that they are included on the main page for India.

Legally, there is no reason why the Princely States should have surrendered to India or Pakistan. Most realized, however, that, apart from nationalistic appeals, it was a matter of force. Indeed, Princes who tried to remain independent ended up annexed by force -- with the sole exception of Sikkim. That the Hindu Prince of Muslim Kashmir wished to go to India, or the Muslim Nizam of Hindu Hyderabad wished to go with Pakistan (or be independent), resulted in the invasion Kashmir by Pakistan and of Hyderabad by India. While little bitterness lingers over this treatment of Hyderabad, one war after another, and a continuing campaign of Terrorism, has been fought over the de facto partition of Kashmir.

India pensioned off the Princes, who often simply continued living in their palaces, much as they had under the British. Eventually, Indira Gandhi simply cut off their Government support.

Index of Princely States & Protectorates of British India

British Emperors of India

The Sun Never Set on the British Empire

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Copyright (c) 2010 Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D. All Rights Reserved

Malaya, Straits Settlements, and Singapore

Sultan of Malacca
Mahmud Shâh	1488-1528
Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Malacca, 1511; Portuguese Malacca, 1511-1641
Sultans of Johor/Johore; Malacca-Johor Dynasty
Alauddin Riayat Shah II	1528-1564
Muzaffar Shah II	1564-1570
Abdul Jalil Shah I	1570-1571
Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II	1571-1597
Alauddin Riayat Shah III	1597-1615
Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah	1615-1623
Abdul Jalil Shah III	1623-1677
Dutch Malacca, 1641-1824
Ibrahim Shah	1677-1685
Mahmud Shah II	1685-1699
Bendahara Dynasty
Abdul Jalil IV (Bendahara Abdul Jalil)	1699-1720
Malacca-Johor Dynasty
Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (Raja Kecil)	1718-1722
Bendahara Dynasty
Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah	1722-1760
Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah	1760-1761
Ahmad Riayat Shah	1761-1761
Mahmud Shah III	1761-1812
Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah	1812-1819
Hussein Shah (Tengku Long)	1819-1835
cedes Singapore to East India Company, 1826
Ali	1835-1877
Temenggong Dynasty
Raja Temenggung Tun Ibrahim	1855-1862
Abu Bakar	1862-1895
Ibrahim	1895-1959
Ismail	1959-1981
Mahmud Iskandar Al-Haj	1981-2010
Ibrahim Ismail	2010-present

The Straits Settlements $10 currency note from 1930 recaptures a vanished era of colonialism. The languages on the note are English, Chinese, and Malay. The unit of the currency, the dollar, reflects the use of the Spanish silver dollars brought to the Philippines from Mexico over the course of the life of the Spanish colonial empire. These coins became the basis of the modern currencies of China, Japan, and elsewhere in the Far East, although, as elsewhere, the silver is long gone.

The origin of the Straits Settlements goes back to Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (1781–1826). Already familiar with Indonesia from British actions there during the Napoleonic Wars (when the Netherlands was occupied by France), Raffles was appointed Governor-General of British possessions in Indonesia and took up residency in Bencoolen (Bengkulu), on Sumatra, in 1818. He established a presence at Singapore, ("lion city"), in 1819. The Dutch considered this part of their sphere of influence, but things got sorted out in a treaty in 1824. Bencoolen was swaped for Dutch interests on the Malay Peninsula. In 1826, the Sultan of Johor ceded any claims to Singapore and the other British possessions that in the same year were organized as the Straits Settlements -- named after the Malacca Strait between Sumatra and Malaya, which was the natural sea lane between India and the South China Sea. The Settlements were at first under the authority of the East India Company. When the Company was abolished, they were briefly under the India Office but then were made an independent Crown Colony under the Colonial Office. This arrangement continued from 1867 to 1946, when the Straits Settlements as such was abolished and its constituents reorganized.

Singapore, Residents
Maj-Gen. William Farquhar	1819-1823
Dr. John Crawfurd	1823-1826
ceded to East India Company by Sultan of Johor, 1826; Straits Settlements, Governors
Robert Fullerton	1826-1830
Residency of the Presidency of Bengal, 1830-1858
Robert Ibbetson	1830-1833
Kenneth Murchison	1833-1836
Sir Samuel George Bonham	1836-1843
Vacant, 1843
Colonel Major-General William John Butterworth	1843-1855
Edmund Augustus Blundell	1855-1859
Under the India Office, 1858-1867, Colonial Office, 1867-1946
Major General Sir William Orfeur Cavenagh	1859-1867
Major General Sir Harry St. George Ord	1867-1873
Sir Andrew Clarke	1873-1875
Sir William Jervois	1875-1877
Major General Edward Archibald Harbord Anson	Acting, 1877
Sir William Cleaver Francis Robinson	1877-1879
Major General Edward Archibald Harbord Anson	Acting, 1879-1880
Sir Frederick Weld	1880-1887
Sir Cecil Clementi Smith	1887-1893
William Edward Maxwell	Acting, 1893-1894
Sir Charles Mitchell	1894-1899
James Alexander Swettenham	Acting, 1899-1901
Sir Frank Swettenham	1901-1904
Sir John Anderson	1904-1911
Sir Arthur Young	1911-1920
Sir Laurence Guillemard	1920-1927
Sir Hugh Clifford	1927-1930
Sir Cecil Clementi	1930-1934
Sir Shenton Thomas	1934-1942
Japanese Occupation of the Straits Settlements, February 15, 1942 to September 12, 1945
Lord Louis Mountbatten	Military Governor, 1945-1946
Sir Shenton Thomas	1945-1946
Singapore, Governors
Sir Franklin Charles Gimson	1946-1952
Wilfred Lawson Blythe	Acting, 1952
Sir John Fearns Nicoll	1952-1955
William Goode	Acting, 1955
Sir Robert Brown Black	1955-1957
William Goode	1957-1959

The principal constituents of the Straits Settlements were Singapore, Malacca, Penang (Prince of Wales Island), and the Dindings, which were ceded by the Sultan of Perak in 1874 but subsequently administered by him. Additional territories were the Province Wellesley, opposite Penang, ceded to the East India Company in 1798 by the Sultan of Kedah (and subsequently under the jurisdiction of Penang); Christmas Island, annexed by Britain in 1888, attached to Singapore in 1946, and then transfered to Australia in 1957; and Labuan, off the coast of Borneo, which was ceded to Britain by the Sultan of Brunei in 1846, incorportated into the Straits Settlements in 1906, joined to British North Borneo in 1946, and then became a part of Sabah (Malaysia) in 1963.

Readers of the Sherlock Holmes story, The Hound of the Baskervilles [1901-1902], will remember how things began with Dr. Mortimer forgetfully leaving his walking stick at 221B Baker Street. Holmes and Watson speculate on his identity by examining the stick. They say that it is of the kind called a "Penang lawyer," which meant that it had been made from an East Asiatic palm, and/or that it had been hollowed out and filled with lead, so that it might be used as a weapon. It was not unusual in the London of the 1890's that someone might be equipped in this way. However, today in both America and Britain this would be illegal, regarded in America as a "concealed weapon" and in Britain, where self-defense has been effectively outlawed, as a weapon at all.

The hinterland of Malay consisted of native states, such as Johore, under the Protection of Britain, and thus were the equivalent of the Princely States in India. They survive until today as part of Malaysia.

Malaya became a focus of world history with the Japanese invasion in 1941. In the post-World War I Naval Treaties, Britain had agreed with Japan to withdraw forces from the Pacific to Singapore, which then would become the hub of British defense in the area. Almost immediately a grave miscalculation was made. It was not believed that an invader could come down through the Malay jungle and attack Singapore from the mainland side. The guns put in place to defend the city thus could only point out to sea. Since the Japanese did come down the Malay Peninsula through the jungle, the whole defense strategy for Singapore collapsed.

However, even if this miscalculation has not occurred, by 1941 Britain was in no position to properly defend Singapore or any of the rest of South-East Asia. There were certainly enough troops available, some of whom simply landed to be immediately surrendered to the Japanese; but a real defense could not be mounted without aircraft, and neither Britain nor the United States had anything like what was needed for even a minimal contest against the Japanese. The matériel for war, whether planes, tanks (which, again, were thought to be useless in Malaya), or other proper weapons were not available at the time. Shortly after the War began, the British sent out the battlecruiser Repulse and the new battleship Prince of Wales in a show of force; but on 10 December 1941, the Japanese simply sank both of them with long range torpedo bombers flying out of Saigon. This was another miscalculation. Despite the role of aircraft in their own sinking of the German battleship Bismark, the British had not yet appreciated how vulnerable unescorted ships were at sea to air attack. It was a lesson everyone learned quickly, but the fiasco did its part to demonstrate, not just how vulnerable the battleships would be, but how vulerable Singapore would be.

Nevertheless, what the British could not know was how close to the edge the enemy was. The Japanese always ran their operations on a shoestring, and the brilliant General Yamashita, heavily outnumbered (!), got the British to surrender Singapore with a considerable element of bluff. Their behavior was then, of course, disgraceful. Prisoners were murdered and worked to death; local Chinese were massacred; and while British prestige had been taken down several rungs, or perhaps even punctured altogether, the Japanese soon demonstrated that there were worse things in the world than British colonialism.

While Singapore failed in its strategic role when the day of reckoning came, the fault was not in its conception or its possession, just in the declining and beleaguered power of Britain to properly supply its defense needs (as well as that troubling misconception about the jungle, whose proper lessons the British would learn in Burma). Otherwise, the strategy of the British was generally vindicated, as Singapore was simply one in a string of strategic bases that secured British communication and trade from Europe to India and China. One of the earliest and most remarkable of these, captured in 1704, was Gibraltar, which commanded and still commands the Strait of Gibraltar at the mouth of Mediterranean Sea. Next was Malta, captured from the French in 1800. The value of these possessions, already considerable, was vastly magnified once Britain acquired its share in the Suez Canal (1875), and then occupied Cyrpus (1875) and finally Egypt itself (1882) to protect its interests. A base in Aden had earlier been acquired (1839) with a view to securing communications with India, and this now became of greater value as the route to India through the Canal became the most important commercial and strategic highway in the entire British Empire.

The whole British system of bases begins to look like the arrangements of Antigonus II Gonatas, King of Macedonia, to exercise control over Greece with the small strategic possessions of Corinth, Chalcis, and Demetrias. These came to be called the "Fetters of Greece," and it is not difficult to imagine other powers viewing British bases with similar metaphor and dismay. The meaning of any such possessions, however, was of course dependent on the existence of the Navy to use them and protect them. In 1941, although Britain still had the largest Navy in the world, it was not large enough for its needs, let alone conceived or built with an eye to the strategic, operational, and tactical requirements of the Pacific War -- where few, indeed, understood those requirements until the harsh lessons of battle emerged in the War itself.

Yet, after a fashion, in the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, Britain had surrendered its strategic needs, which were for a Three Ocean Navy, by accepting parity with the United States Navy, which only had two Oceans to defend. The previous rule was the "two power standard," according to which the Royal Navy should have been as large as the U.S. and Japanese fleets combined. As it happened, neither Allied Navy was ready for World War II; but it is also questionable whether Britain even had the economic resources to have kept up the kind of Navy it needed after World War I. It certainly didn't have the will -- and, to be sure, groups of new battleships would have been wasted anyway, if they all just would have been sunk like the Repulse and the Prince of Wales. The British, who had developed the first aircraft carriers, still had only the dimmest idea how dominant they would become in the Pacific War. Nobody else did either, not even the Japanese.

Singapore may have failed in part because it had never previously been tested. The British had frequently defended Gibraltar and had fought in Egypt against the Turks in World War I and then the Italians and Germans in World War II. For all its strategic significance, Singapore had simply never been the focus of any war, and any problems with its defense plans were only to be found out when it was too late to do much about it. All this in its own way was a tribute to the Pax Britannica, but such previous success was cold comfort when the Japanese were able to fathom and exploit every weakness.

With Britain now long gone from India, the Middle East, Malaya, Indonesia, and the Far East, the strategic role of Singapore and its like nevertheless continues in the particular form of the Indian Ocean Atoll of Diego Garcia, now formally part of the British Indian Ocean Territory. This is used as an air and naval base, perhaps only secondarily by Britain, but most importantly by the United States. The American military in the Gulf, Iraq, and Afghanistan is heavily dependent on Diego Garcia for logistical staging, and from which bombers can fly missions directly into these theatres. The operations at Diego Garcia are shrouded in such secrecy that in 1966 the British deported all the civilian inhabitants of the place. Anti-war protests and rumors, concerning all American practices in recent wars (e.g. treatment of prisoners, kinds of munitions used, etc.), are thus rife over Diego Garcia, although, of course, protestors have no chance of demonstrating on site or interfering in its operations. To the Left, Diego Garcia is thus a modern "Fetter" employed by American "Imperialism" to oppress the world, even if the atoll is nominally under British sovereignty.

After the World War II, the British put down a Communist insurgency in Malaya. This gave the French and the Americans some confidence that that same could be done in Vietnam, but the wrong lessons seem to have been learned, and the enemy proved to be of a very different caliber.

In 1946 the Straits Settlements colony was broken up. Singapore became a Crown Colony in its own right, and the other posessions were merged with Malaya. The Federation of Malaya became independent in 1957. Self-government came to Singapore in 1959. Independence in 1963 for Singapore was in the form of joining the union of Malaysia, which combined the Federation of Malaya and with other British possessions in Borneo. This was not a happy business for Singapore, where there were riots between Chinese and Malays, even as Malaysia undertook to discriminate against ethnic Chinese. The Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, had doubts that Singapore could go it alone; but the city was nevertheless cut loose in 1965. Little did anyone know what would come of Singapore.

What happened was that little Singapore became one of the "Four Tigers" of East Asia -- an economic powerhouse along with Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea. In 1959, the annual per capita income of Singapore was $400, not much better than most of the Third World. By 2012, it was $50,000. According to The Economist Pocket World In Figures for 2008, Singapore was actually the 43rd largest economy in the world, ahead of states like Chile, Hungary, and New Zealand. In per capita GDP, it was 31st, ahead of Spain and Hong Kong, although now just behind New Zealand. All this was thanks to the direction of Lee Kuan Yew, whose rule came awfully close to a dictatorship. Yet with his retirement, a more or less democratic government seems to have been left functioning. But this is a no nonsense place. Singapore has been called "Disneyland with the death penalty." As in Malaysia, drug offenses can be punished with death -- although one wonders if use by locals is winked at as it often is in Malaysia.

For a while, the success of Singapore entered international discourse as representing an "Asian Way" of doing capitalism, with considerable more government control, in an authoritarian (or moralistic) regime, than was favored in Anglo-American liberalism. The slow growth and persistent unemployment of the early 90's in the United States seemed to lend some credence to the new ideology. However, in the late 90's, the "dot.com" boom sparked the U.S. economy in rapid expansion, while a severe recession hit many of the East Asian states. Suddenly, the Singapore model seemed more representative of "crony capitalism," which was actually a polite way of identifying the corruption and collusion that existed between business and government. As Adam Smith himself could have said, this collusion was little less than a conspiracy against the consumer, and the "Asian Way" was rather abruptly exploded as an appealing alternative to the neo-liberal economics of the 1980's. Nevertheless, the Four Tigers had represented real economic growth and progress, which continued in more sober form after the recession. The true key of their success was the rejection of a Keynesian, let alone a Stalinist, model of economic development. Instead, the truth of Say's Law was appreciated and capital accumulation was not only encouraged but sometimes legally mandated -- in Singapore itself, everyone was required by law to save at least a certain percentage of their income -- which then could be loaned and invested by the banks. This was Keynesian heresy, where the best thing to do with income is spend it. Of course, Say's Law had already been demonstrated in Japan, where no one ever had to tell the Japanese to both work hard and save their money. Getting the Japanese to actually buy consumer products has been a long struggle, although it is now no problem for the young -- generating its own problems.

It is remarkable that in the modern world it is still possible for a modest city state to possess an economy equal to or greater than that of many substantial nation states. This is familiar from history, when a place like Venice might be more powerful than several kingdoms combined; but one might have thought that the possibility of such places was already passing when Charles VIII of France invaded Italy in 1494. Au contraire. The Tigers have revived the phenomenon all over again.

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