States of the Eastern Chou,
771-256

The tables of rulers given here are mainly from The Cambridge History of Ancient China [edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, 1999, p.26-29], supplemented by Ulrich Theobald's Chinaknowledge site. The lists and treatment of states is from these sources and from Burton Watson, the The Tso Chuan, Selections from China's Oldest Narrative History [Columbia U. Press, 1989], and from Joseph Needham, Science & Civilization in China, Volume I [Cambridge U. Press, 1954, 1988, 2005]. While I have altered the reigns of the Chou to Western usage, with a reign ending and then beginning in the same year, I have left the other dates alone. They reflect the Chinese practice of separating reigns by a calendar year. I have also altered all the names into Wade-Giles form, even though Pinyin is now coming to dominate in academic work. The serious student should be familiar with both forms; and the accessibility of older histories, with only Wade-Giles, but without possible tendentious PRC inspired treatments, should not be compromised. Each character, however, has its pronunciation in Pinyin supplied below it. The maps are based on A Short History of the Chinese People by L. Carrington Goodrich [Harper Torchbooks, 1943, 1963], but I have begun altering them to show the smaller states that Goodrich did not show. The map of the Spring and Autumn Period at right reflects boundaries shown on the map at page 548 of the Cambridge History, while the maps of the Warring States Period reflect the boundaries shown on page 594. The states of Cheng, Ts'ai, Ts'ao, Chi, Ch'en, Hsüeh, Hsü, and T'eng do not occur on Goodrich's maps but are now shown, based on the Cambridge History. Some spellings on the maps are Goodrich's, reflecting pre-modern pronuncations of Mandarin (e.g. "Tsin" for "Chin"). The states of Cheng, Lu, Sung, and Wey do not continue onto the Cambridge table of the Warring States Period. I have been able to complete them there with data from Theobald. There is disagreement between the Cambridge History and Theobald for the final dates of the Spring and Autumn Period for Lu, Sung, Cheng, and Wu (with the History suspiciously giving 477 for all of them), so I have given both dates. The Cambridge History does not give the rulers of Ts'ai, Ts'ao, or Yüeh at all, and these have been supplied from Theobald. Further states, Teng, Yü, Yen, Kuo, and Tsou, are listed by Needham. These are discussed below.

At the beginning, only the ruler of Chou possesses the title . Other rulers are generally called [kung in Wade-Giles -- on a light red background below]. However, according to Burton Watson, this was no more than a postumous rank. During their lives, the ranks of these rulers were often substantially lower. Watson then gives a list of twenty Chou feudal states, their families, and their actual rank [p.xxxix]. This includes the Chou royal domain, what we might now call the Île de Chine, on analogy with the small Capetian Île de France. Curiously, the state of Yen [Yan], although the Cambridge History gives the rulers from the beginning of the Eastern Chou, is not listed, or even mentioned, by Watson. Thus, I did not know the ruling family of Yen, until I found it at Ulrich Theobald. Yen, like many other states, was a fief of the Chou royal family of Chi [Ji]. It is not surprising that Chou would enfeoff their relatives with important domains. The postumous nature of the ranks may be revealed by Theobald's entries for the final rulers of Ts'ai and Ts'ao, where the rulers, without postumous promotion, revert to their original rank, marquis and count, respectively.

"Duke" is the first of the feudal "Five Ranks," . All the ranks can be examined under the Chinese elements and Feudal Hierarchy. The first table here consists of the domains listed in the tables of the Cambridge History, with the information on rank and family supplied by Watson (and Theobald for Yen). Since many of these states are ruled by a (on a light orange background), I have allowed that rank to Yen, although this may already be one of the postumous ranks that Watson discusses. The date of the fall of the state, according to Needham, is supplied below. These don't always agree with the final dates given in the Cambridge History tables, but I retain them. The state to which the state falls, according to Needham, is also given.

Chou	Lu	Ch'i	Chin/Tsin	Ch'in	Ch'u	Sung	Wey/Wei	Cheng	Yen	Wu
Chi	Chi	Chiang	Chi	Ying	Mi	Tzu	Chi	Chi	Chi	Chi
256	249	226	403	207	223	286	225	375	222	473
Ch'in	Ch'u	Ch'in	Han, Chao, & Wei	Former Han	Ch'in	Ch'i	Ch'in	Han	Ch'in	Yüeh

The following table gives the other territories that Watson also lists, including Yüeh, , which occurs on Goodrich's maps but not in the Cambridge History tables at all. Watson has a map with the general location of some of these places [p.xli], but without any attempt to show boundaries. I have been able to supply the rulers of Yüeh, which overthrew Wu in 473, from Ulrich Theobald, and the boundaries from the Cambridge History.

Watson's book contains no characters whatsoever, even for the Tso Chuan, , itself. I have therefore had a bit of a hunt to round up the characters for all the states. Those for Ch'en, Ts'ai, and Ts'ao were supplied by Theobald, who, however, does not mention Chi, Chu, Chü, Hsü, Hsüeh, or T'eng. Fortunately, Chi, Hsü, Hsüeh, and T'eng are mentioned at some points scattered through the text in the Cambridge History, with the character cited where the name is first used -- and a list is given [p.547, "15 major states" of the Spring and Autumn Period] for Ch'i, Chin, Ch'in, Ch'u, Lu, Ts'ao, Cheng, Sung, Hsü, Ch'en, Wey, Yen, Ts'ai, Wu, and Yüeh. The characters for Chu and Chü finally could only be tracked down in Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary [Harvard University Press, 1972, characters #1353 & #1569], which helpfully lists the former as, "A feudal state which existed B.C. 700-469," and the latter as, "Name of a State...a petty State in the south-east of what is now Shantung." Chu thus fell around the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, though I have no information to whom. Although Mathews' frequently identifies a character as the name of a feudal state, this is not always the case (e.g. with Hsü), and the character for Hsüeh does not appear to be in the dictionary at all, even though it occurs in modern Pinyin dictionaries (e.g. the ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, edited by John DeFrancis, University of Hawai'i Press, 2003), usually identified simply as a "Surname" ["Xue," p.1091].

Ch'en	Chi	Chu	Chü	Hsü	Hsüeh	T'eng	Ts'ai	Ts'ao	Yüeh
Kuei	Ssu	Ts'ao	Ying	Chiang	Jen	Chi	Chi	Chi	Ssu
479	445	340	431	?	?	?	447	487	334
Ch'u	Ch'u	Ch'u	Ch'u	?	?	?	Ch'u	Sung	Ch'u

It may be significant that the only full Dukedoms given by Watson are those of Chi and Sung, with the former of the royal family of the legendary Hsia Dynasty, , the house of Ssu [Si], and the latter of the family of the Shang Dynasty, , the house of Tzu [Zi]. It may be that at first only those of previous royal houses rated the full title of Duke. Watson says that there were "around 120 feudal states" [p.xxxi] in existence at the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period. By 468 BC, there are only 40 left. By the end of the Warring States Period, of course, Ch'in conquers the remaining Six Kingdoms, , which by then had managed to absorb all the rest.

Teng	Yü	T'an/Yen	Kuo	Tsou
687	654	418	654	340
Ch'u	Chin	Yüeh	Chin	Ch'u

Joseph Needham lists [p.94] some states not given by Watson, the Cambridge History, or Ulrich Theobald. He also happily gives characters for all the states he lists, 25 in all. Needham also gives a map [p.92], which shows the states. From the map, it looks very much like Teng is the same state as T'eng, even though different characters are used. If they are not the same, they are certainly adjacent. Needham's small state of Yen, on the coast just south of Shantung, is read "T'an" in Mathews'. Tsou is cited by Mathews' as "the place where Mencius was born." Mathews' actually lists Tsou under "Chou" but glosses it "Pron. tsou¹." Needham gives no information about the rank or family of these states -- I show them as "barons" just because this is the lowest rank. Needham employs the extraordinary practice, which I have never seen in any other history book, of giving BC dates as negative numbers. This device recommends itself to serious consideration, but I think Needham may have made a mistake in its application. The absolute value of a negative AD date will be one unit less than the corresponding BC date. For instance, the Warring States period ends in 221 BC. This would be -220 AD. This is because BC dates begins with year 1 in what would be 0 AD. Traditional BC and AD dating does not use the number zero. Between all positive and negative numbers, however, is the number zero. I don't gather that Needham has taken this into account. I thus use Needham's dates without the negative sign and without correcting for the unit difference. (See more about problems with zero in dating here.)

Ch'i [Qy] or
Ssu
445
Ch'u

I originally provided the character for the state of Chi, , out of Mathews' dictionary (character #430, "Ancient feudal state...in Shantung"). There was another minor state identified by Mathews', that of Ch'i, , (character #547, "A small feudal state"). Watson does not list this state, but Joseph Needham and Ulrich Theobald do (the latter giving an alternative spelling, "Qy", to distinguish it from the Pinyin spelling of the major state of Ch'i, , i.e. "Qi"). However, neither Needham nor Theobald mention Chi. Theobald uses a different character for Ch'i, , while Needham uses . Both states are supposed to be from the house of Ssu [Si], which is suspicious. I had thought that Theobald's character might be a modern, simplified version, but it is the one that actually occurs in the Analects [3:9], even though it apparently is not given in Mathews' at all. It does look, however, like and are simply variants of the same character; for Mathews' gives a saying with the former, about the "man of Ch'i" who fears that the sky will fall, that is given with the latter character in the ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, as qirényoutian, "Ch'i man fears sky" [p.742]. The character is pronounced "Chi" in James Legge's translation of the Analects [1893], but "Ch'i" in Arthur Waley's translation [1938] and D.C. Lau's [1979]. The more recent translation by David H. Li [Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 1999], actually gives the name as "Gi," which is not even a syllable in the Pinyin writing of Mandarin otherwise used in the translation -- but the modern Mandarin ji would be from an archaic gi. This conflicting information about the pronunciation of , and its similarities in form to , makes me wonder if there has been some confusion. Either two different states really are involved, or it may be that there was originally one state that had been mistakenly separated with different but similar characters (and pronunciations). I thought that perhaps the meaning for as a feudal state in Mathews' was a mistake, but the same character, for the state of "Ji," is used in the Cambridge History [p.409] -- though without enough information to decide if Chi [Ji] and Ch'i [Qy] (which is not mentioned in the History) are identical. I have not yet found any discussion of the issue. I suspect they are indeed the same; but with 120 states in the Spring and Autumn Period, they could easily be entirely different. Both Needham and Theobald say that Ch'i fell to Ch'u in 445.

Chung Shan
Chi
408
Wei

Needham, Theobald, and the Cambridge History [p.594] list another minor state, that of Chung Shan, , which lay in the mountains between Chao and Yen. This had some earlier non-Chinese antecedents but then in 414 was granted as a fief to Duke Wu, a grandson of the Chou King Ting Wang (606-585) -- though more than a century and a half seems a bit long for only two generations. Theobald gives no other rulers for Chung Shan and says that it falls to Chao in 295. However, Needham show Chung Shan already falling to Wei () in 408 -- which could make Duke Wu the only independent ruler. Whatever the dates, Chung Shan would seem to be adjacent to Chao, not to Wei, though Needham shows this on his map and still marks it "to Wei." The maps here use the later date and annexation by Chao.

In the table below, I give the ranks shown in the Cambridge History, for these are ranks that the living rulers did eventually assume, finally rising to the rank of for all (except Wey). With no information on just when the transitions occurred (except the final move to King), I can only stick to the Cambridge data. Not all the domains there, indeed, begin with Dukes. Chin and Yen in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Han, Wei, and Chao in the Warring States Period, start with the title of . Cambridge lists the occasional ruler, especially at the beginning of the Chao in the Warring States Period, as no more than a [tzu -- on a white background below, as with other rulers of unspecified title]. However, since this curiously skips the rank of , it may be that has one of its other meanings, which can even be "child," "young," or "sir." According to Watson, Ch'u and Wu actually were regarded as by everyone else but began calling themselves from an early date. I show Ch'u this way when the title begins to occur in their names. The rulers of Yüeh also styled themselves Kings from their beginning, and I have shown them that way.

The Cambridge History uses a peculiar spelling for the Spring and Autumn realm of Wei:  "Wey" is not a spelling or a syllable in Wade-Giles or Pinyin for modern Mandarin Chinese. This spelling, apparently, is to indicate that different characters are used for the "Wei" of the Spring and Autumn Period, , and the different "Wei" the arises in the Warring States Period, .

Wey
Chi
225
Ch'in

It is not apparent, for instance, from Goodrich's maps that these are not simply the same state. This convention also occurs in Theobald, and I have retained it here to avoid ambiguity, especially since Wey continues into the Warring States Period (which one would not know from the Cambridge History tables, or Goodrich's maps), and the two exist concurrently until the Ch'in conquest. Despite that continuation, Wey, small and inconsequential, is not counted as one of the "Six Kingdoms." It is the only state here whose ranks declines over time, from Duke to Marquis and finally just to "Prince," a title that otherwise is generic and not one of the "five ranks."

Rulers whose names are in boldface are those who are mentioned or even visited by Confucius. Two of these, the ones before Confucius' own day, Duke Huan of Ch'i (685-643) and Duke Wen of Chin (636-628), were two of the "Five Leaders" or "Five Hegemons," . These were regarded as the greatest leaders of the feudal lords, though itself could also mean "tyrant." The identity of the other Five Hegemons varied, but Duke Mu of Ch'in (659-621) and King Chuang of Ch'u (613-591) were frequently included. The very first is often considered to be have been Duke Huan of Cheng (806-771). Last may have been Fu Ch'ai of Wu (495-473).

There is one ruler in boldface who is not mentioned by Confucius, and that is Ho Lü of Wu (514-496). Instead, he is mentioned by Szu-ma Ch'ien (145-86) in relation to Sun Tzu, author of what is usually entitled in English The Art of War, the classic Chinese book of military strategy. Sun Tzu, from Ch'i, was supposedly invited by Ho Lü for an interview, for a demonstration, and then to command the army of Wu. In the latter capacity he is supposed to have defeated Ch'u and intimidated Ch'i and Chin. With this story and the subsequent ruler of Wu, Fu Ch'ai, as one of the Five Hegemons, one would think Wu a durable military power. But the state did fall to Yüeh at the death of Fu Ch'ai. The prominence of Sun Tzu may go with a noteworthy feature of the Eastern Chou:  it was the only time in Chinese history that the exploits of warriors were celebrated as they were in the Greek or Indian epics. Under Confucian influence, warriors would later not even be included under the Four Classes posited for Chinese society. This was not good for the security of China, and at no time were its consequences so dire as in the last days of the Ming Dynasty, which ironically had begun with an attempt to elevate the military to a status equal to the scholars.

Eastern Chou, , 771-256; Middle Chou, 771-473; Spring and Autumn, , Period, 722-481
Chou		Lu		Ch'i		Chin/Tsin		Ch'in		Ch'u		Sung		Wey/Wei		Cheng		Yen		Ts'ai		Ts'ao
Hsüan Wang	827/5- 781	Hsiao Kung	796- 769	Chuang Kung	794- 731	Wen Hou	780- 746	Hsiang Kung	777- 766	Juo Ao	790- 764	Tai Kung	799- 766	Wu Kung	812- 758	Huan Kung	806- 771	Ch'ing Hou	790- 767	Hsi Hou	809- 762	Hui Po	795- 760
Yu Wang	781- 771	Hui Kung	768- 723			Chao Hou	745- 740			Hsiao Ao	763- 758	Wu Kung	765- 748	Chuang Kung	757- 735			Ai Hou	766- 765	Kung Hou	761- 760	Mu Kung	759- 757
P'ing Wang	770- 719	Yin Kung	722- 712			Hsiao Hou	739- 724	Wen Kung	765- 716	Fen Mao	757- 741	Hsüan Kung	747- 729	Huan Kung	734- 719	Wu Kung	770- 744	Cheng Hou	746- 729	Tai Hou	759- 750	Huan Kung	756- 702
						E Hou	723- 718	Ning Kung	715- 704	Wu Wang	740- 690	Mu Kung	728- 720	Hsüan Kung	718- 700	Chuang Kung	743- 701	Mu Hou	728- 711	Hsüan Kung	749- 715
Huan Wang	719- 696	Huan Kung	711- 694	Hsi Kung	730- 698	Ai Hou	717- 710	Ch'u Kung	703- 698	Wen Wang	689- 677	Shang Kung	719- 711	Hui Kung	699- 669	Li Kung	700- 697	Hsüan Hou	710- 698	Huan Kung	714- 695	Chuan Kung	701- 671
						Hsiao- tzu	709- 707					Feng	710- 692			Chao Kung	696- 695	Huan Hou	697- 691	Ai Kung	694- 675	Hsi Kung	670- 661
Chuang Wang	696- 681	Chuang Kung	693- 662	Hsiang Kung	697- 686	Chin Hou Min	706- 679	Wu Kung	697- 678	Tu Ao	676- 675	Min Kung	691- 682			Tzu Wei	694	Chuang Kung	690- 658
Hsi Wang	681- 676			Huan Kung	685- 643	Wu Kung	678- 677	Te Kung	677- 676	Ch'eng Wang	674- 626	Huan Kung	681- 651	I Kung	668- 661	Tzu I	693- 680
Hui Wang	676- 651	Min Kung	661- 660	Hsiao Kung	642- 633	Hsien Kung	676- 651	Hsüan Kung	675- 664							Li Kung	679- 673			Mu Kung	674- 645	Chao Kung	661- 653
Hsiang Wang	651- 618	Hsi Kung	659- 627	Chao Kung	632- 613	Hui Kung	650- 637	Ch'eng Kung	663- 660			Hsiang Kung	650- 637	Tai Kung	660	Wen Kung	672- 628	Hsiang Kung	657- 618	Chuan Kung	645- 612	Kung Kung	652- 618
						Wen Kung	636- 628	Mu Kung	659- 621			Ch'eng Kung	636- 620	Wen Kung	659- 635
		Wen Kung	626- 609			Hsiang Kung	627- 621			Mu Wang	625- 614			Ch'eng Kung	634- 600	Mu Kung	627- 606
Ch'ing Wang	618- 612					Ling Kung	620- 607	K'ang Kung	620- 609			Chao Kung	619- 611			Ling Kung	605	Huan Kung	617- 602	Wen Kung	611- 592	Wen Kung	617- 595
K'uang Wang	612- 606	Hsüan Kung	608- 591	I Kung	612- 609			Kung Kung	608- 604	Chuang Wang	613- 591	Wen Kung	610- 589			Hsiang Kung	604- 587	Hsüan Kung	601- 587
Ting Wang	606- 585	Ch'eng Kung	590- 573	Hui Kung	608- 599	Ch'eng Kung	606- 600	Huan Kung	603- 577					Mu Kung	599- 589	Tao Kung	586- 585			Ching Kung	591- 543	Hsüan Kung	594- 578
				Ch'ing Kung	598- 582	Ching Kung	599- 581			Kung Wang	590- 560	Kung Kung	588- 576	Ting Kung	588- 577	Ch'eng Kung	584- 571	Chao Kung	586- 574					Wu
Chien Wang	585- 571			Ling Kung	581- 554	Li Kung	580- 573	Ching Kung	576- 537	Chü falls to Ch'u, 582		P'ing Kung	575- 532	Hsien Kung	576- 559	Hsi Kung	570- 565	Wu Kung	573- 555			Ch'eng Kung	577- 555	Shou Meng	585- 561
Ling Wang	571- 544	Hsiang Kung	572- 542	Chuang Kung	553- 548	Tao Kung	572- 558			K'ang Wang	559- 545			Shang Kung	558- 547	Chien Kung	564- 530	Wen Kung	554- 549			Wu Kung	554- 528	Chu Fan	560- 548
Ching Wang	544- 520	Chao Kung	541- 510	Ching Kung	547- 490	P'ing Kung	557- 532	Ai Kung	536- 501	Chia Ao	544- 541			Hsien Kung	546- 544			I Kung	548- 545			P'ing Kung	527- 524	Yü Chi	547- 544
Tao Wang	520					Chao Kung	531- 526			Ling Wang	540- 529	Yüan Kung	531- 517	Hsiang Kung	543- 535			Hui Kung	544- 536	Ling Kung	542- 531	Tao Kung	523- 515	I Mei	543- 527
Ching Wang	519- 475	Ting Kung	509- 495			Ch'ing Kung	525- 512			P'ing Wang	528- 516			Ling Kung	534- 493	Ting Kung	529- 514	Tao Kung	535- 529	P'ing Kung	530- 522	Hsien Kung	515- 512	Liao	526- 515
																		Kung Kung	528- 524	Tao Kung	521- 519	Ying Kung	511- 506
		Ai Kung	494- 477 /467	Yen Ju-tzu	489	Ting Kung	511- 475	Hui Kung	500- 491	Chao Wang	515- 489	Ching Kung	516- 477 /451	Ch'u Kung	492- 481	Hsien Kung	513- 501	P'ing Kung	523- 505	Chao Kung	518- 491	Ching Kung	505- 502	Ho Lü	514- 496
				Tao Kung	488- 485			Tao Kung	490- 477	Hui Wang	488- 432			Chuang Kung	480- 478	Sheng Kung	500- 477 /463	Chien Kung	504- 493	Ch'eng Kung	490- 472	Yang Po	501- 487	Fu Ch'ai	495- 477 /473
				Chien Kung	484- 481													Hsien Kung	492- 465			Ts'ao falls to Sung, 487		Wu falls to Yüeh, 473
Chou		Lu		Ch'i		Chin/Tsin		Ch'in		Ch'u		Sung		Wey		Cheng		Yen		Ts'ai		Ts'ao		Wu

The Warring States Period sees the end of the Chou Dynasty and the shake-down of all the realms into just one, Ch'in. In the course of this, many old states disappear (Lu, Cheng, Sung, Chin, Yüeh) and some new ones appear (Han, Wei, Chao -- all derived from Chin). In the end, six states, the Six Kingdoms, (Ch'i, Ch'u, Han, Wei, Chao, & Yen -- plus Wey), fall in very rapid succession (230-221) to Wang Cheng of Ch'in. By then, all surviving rulers (except Wey) had been styling themselves . This is rather like what we see at the beginning of the Hellenistic Period, when each of the Diadochi becomes a "Great King" like Alexander had been, or in modern Germany, where the Mediaeval Kingdom of Germany gives rise to many modern kingdoms, most the creations of Napoleon. Having eliminated all the rival kings, Cheng then formulated a new, supreme title for himself, (on a light purple background below -- just for contrast, since that is the Roman, not the Chinese, Imperial color).

The Cambridge History and Theobald again use a peculiar spelling, this time with "Hann" for the state of Han. As above, this is not a syllable in Wade-Giles or Pinyin. It is used because the character for this Han, , is different from the more familiar character for the Han Dynasty:  . I have not used this convention because there is only one Han state in the period, so there is no ambiguity.

The Cambridge History does not give us the rulers of the states of Shu, , or Pa, , whose conquest begins to give Ch'in the resources it will need to unite the country. It was the case that Shu and Pa were not regarded as Chinese -- Watson does not list them among the feudatories of Chou -- but in any case, according to Ulrich Theobald, the rulers are unknown, with Pa, and only poorly known, with Shu. The Cambridge History is also lacking the rulers of Lu, Sung, Wey, Cheng, and Yüeh in the Warring States Period, which I have supplied from Theobald. I have two different dates for the fall of Lu, so I have included them both. My information is that Lu falls to Ch'u, but nevertheless its territory appears to end up in the hands of Ch'i.

Warring States, , Period, 481-221; Late Chou, 473-256
Chou		Lu		Ch'in		Chiang Ch'i		T'ien Ch'i		Chin/Tsin		Ch'u						Chao		Sung		Wey		Cheng		Yen		Ts'ai		Yüeh
Yüan Wang	475- 468	Tao Kung	466- 429	Li-kung Kung	476- 443	P'ing Kung			480- 456	Ting Kung	511- 475	Hui Wang	488- 432					Hsien- tzu	475- 425	Chao Kung	450- 404	Ch'i Chün	477	Ai Kung	462- 424	Hsiao Kung	497- 455	Sheng Kung	471- 457	Kou- chien Wang	496- 465
Chêng- ting Wang	468- 441			Tsao Kung	442- 429	455- 405	Hsüan Kung	455- 410		Ch'u Kung	474- 451					Wei						Ch'u Kung, restored	476- 456			Ch'eng Kung	454- 439			Lu- ying Wang	465- 459
K'ao Wang	440- 425	Yüan Kung	428- 408	Huai Kung	428- 425					Ching Kung	450- 434			Han		Wen Hou	445- 396	Huan- tzu	424			Tao Kung	455- 451	Yu Kung	423	Min Kung	438- 415	Yüan Kung	456- 451	Pu- shou Wang	459- 449
Wei- lieh Wang	425- 401			Ling Kung	424- 415			Tao- tzu	410- 405	Yu Kung	433- 416	Chien Wang	431- 408	Wu Hou	424- 409			Hsien Hou	423- 409			Ching Kung	450- 432	Hsü Kung	422- 396			Ch'i Hou	450- 447	Weng Wang	449- 412
		Mu Kung	407- 377	Chien Kung	414- 400							Sheng Wang	407- 402	Ching Hou	408- 400			Lieh Hou	408- 387			Chao Kung	431- 429			Chien Kung	414- 370	Ts'ai falls to Ch'u, 447		I Wang	412- 376
An Wang	401- 375			Hui Kung	399- 387	K'ang Kung	404- 379	Ho Hou	404- 384	Lieh Kung	415- 389	Tao Wang	401- 381	Lieh Hou	389- 387	Wu Hou	395- 370			Tao Kung	403- 396	Huai Kung	428- 415	K'ang Kung	395- 375
				Ch'u- tzu	386- 385							Su Wang	380- 370	Wen Hou	386- 377			Ching Hou	386- 375	Hsiu Kung	395- 373	Shen Kung	414- 373							Chih- hou Wang	376- 375
Lieh Wang	375- 368	Kung Kung	376- 353	Hsien Kung	384- 362			Hou Yen	383- 375	Huan Kung	388- 369			Ai Hou	376- 375							Sheng Kung	372- 362							Ch'u- wu- yü Wang	375- 365
Hsien Wang	368- 320			Hsiao Kung	361- 338	Huan Kung			374- 357	Chin replaced by Han, Chao, & Wei, 369		Hsüan Wang	369- 340	I Hou	374- 363	Hui Hou	369- 345	Ch'eng Hou	374- 350	Pi Kung	372- 370	Ch'eng Hou	361- 333	Cheng falls to Han, 375		Huan Kung	369- 362			Wu- chuan Wang	365- 357
		K'ang Kung	352- 344	Hui- wen	Kung, 337- 324	Wei Hou			356- 335			Wei Wang	339- 329	Chao Hou	362- 333	Hui Wang	Hou, 344- 334	Su Hou	349- 326	T'i- ch'eng- tzu	369- 329					Wen Kung	361- 337			Wu- ch'iang Wang	357- 333
		Ching Kung	343- 315		Wang, 324- 311	Wei Wang			334- 320			Huai Wang	328- 299	Hsüan- hui Wang	332- 312		Wang, 334- 319	Wu- ling Wang	325- 299	K'ang Wang	328- 286	P'ing Hou	332- 325			I Wang	332- 321			Yüeh falls to Ch'u, 333
Shên- ching Wang	320- 314	P'ing Kung	314- 296	Wu Wang	310- 307	Hsüan Wang			319- 301			Ch'ing- hsiang Wang	298- 263	Hsiang Wang	311- 296	Hsiang Wang	318- 296	Hui- wen Wang	298- 266							Wang K'uai	320- 312
Nan Wang	314- 256	Wen Kung	295- 273	Chao Wang	306- 251	Min Wang			300- 284					Hsi Wang	295- 273	Chao Wang	295- 277	Chung-shan falls to Chao, 296				Ssu Chün	324- 283			Chao Wang	311- 279
		Ch'ing Kung	272- 255			Hsiang Wang			283- 265			Hsiao- lieh Wang	262- 238	Huan- hui Wang	272- 239	An- hsi Wang	276- 243	Hsiao- ch'eng Wang	265- 245	Sung falls to Ch'i, 286						Hui Wang	278- 272
		Lu falls to Ch'u, 255		Hsiao- wen Wang	250	Wang Chien			264- 221			Lu falls to Ch'u, 256				Ching- min Wang	242- 228	Tao- hsiang Wang	244- 236			Hua Chün	282- 253			Wu- hsiao Wang	271- 258
Chou falls to Ch'in; Ch'in Dynasty, 255-207				Chuang- hsiang Wang	249- 247							Yu Wang	237- 228	Wang An	238- 230			Wang Ch'ien	235- 228			Yüan Chün	252- 230			Hsiao Wang	257- 255
				Cheng Wang, Shih Huang- ti	Wang, 246- 221							Wang Fu- ch'u	227- 223			Wang Chia	227- 225	Tai- wang Jia	227- 222			Chiao Chün	229- 221			Wang Hsi	254- 222
					Huang- ti, 221- 209	Conquest by Ch'in
Chou		Lu		Ch'in		Ch'i				Chin/Tsin		Ch'u		Han		Wei		Chao		Sung		Wey		Cheng		Yen		Ts'ai		Yüeh

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